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«IZVESTIYA IRKUTSKOGO GOSUDARSTVENNOGO UNIVERSITETA». SERIYA «BIOLOGIYA. ECOLOGIYA»
«THE BULLETIN OF IRKUTSK STATE UNIVERSITY». SERIES «BIOLOGY. ECOLOGY»
ISSN 2073-3372 (Print)

List of issues > Series «Biology. Ecology». 2025. Vol 54

Spectral Markers of Hydrothermal Treatment of Coniferous Wood Waste as a Tool for Environmentally Sustainable Technologies

Author(s)

A. V. Novikov, D. A. Yarygin, V. L. Mikhailenko, А. А. Pristavka, G. V. Yurinova, V. P. Salovarova

Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russian Federation

Abstract
Lignocellulosic waste is a valuable resource for biologically active compounds in biotechnological processing. Hydrothermal extraction and subsequent fractionation represent key stages whose efficiency depends on temperature, time, and solvent type. Process optimization and quality control require objective reference points to assess extract composition at different stages. Traditional analytical methods (chromatography, mass spectrometry) are labor-intensive and unsuitable for operational control. UV-Vis spectroscopy (200–400 nm) offers a rapid alternative, as absorption spectra reflect aromatic and conjugated systems characteristic of lignans, flavonoids, and other wood-derived bioactives. However, spectral interpretation of complex mixtures is hindered by band overlap, necessitating data preprocessing and multivariate analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA) to extract informative spectral markers. This study evaluated UV-Vis spectroscopy for identifying reference points in wood waste processing-specifically, spectral markers correlating with technological parameters (extraction temperature, solvent type) and fraction bioactivity. Aqueous extracts from pine and larch sawdust were obtained at three temperatures (20°C, 80°C, 121°C) and fractionated with hexane and chloroform. UV-Vis spectra of all fractions were recorded, and fourteen normalization methods were compared; Max Scaling proved most effective for subsequent PCA. The first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) cumulatively explained 79.40% of total variance, enabling meaningful interpretation. Score analysis revealed that PC2 encodes the fundamental chemical difference determined by extractant nature: primary aqueous extracts clustered at high positive PC2 values, while hexane and chloroform fractions grouped in the negative region. Thus, PC2 serves as a reliable marker for monitoring liquid-liquid fractionation efficiency. PC1 proved sensitive to variations within solvent groups, particularly hydrothermal treatment temperature. A clear temperature-dependent trend in PC1 scores was observed for aqueous extracts. Notably, hexane fractions also exhibited pronounced temperature dependence along PC2, shifting from positive (+1.87 for W1.H) to sharply negative values (-2.80 for W3.H), suggesting a change in the prevailing extraction mechanism of lipophilic components with increasing severity. Loading analysis provided spectral interpretation: PC1 displayed a bipolar profile (positive at 200–215 nm, negative at 235–300 nm), likely reflecting distinct chromophore pools-hydrophilic lignans versus more lipophilic stilbenes or flavonoids. PC2 showed a broad positive plateau (210–260 nm), interpreted as a marker of the hydrophilic matrix retained after organic solvent extraction. The established correlations between technological parameters and spectral patterns in PC1-PC2 space form a basis for rapid control methods. A sample's position in this space enables operational assessment of both fractionation efficiency and hydrothermal treatment adequacy-critical for standardizing biotechnological processing of wood waste.
About the Authors

Novikov Artem Vladimirovich, Postgraduate Irkutsk State University 1, K. Marx st., Irkutsk, 664003, Russian Federation e-mail: artem.ru88@mail.ru 

Yarygin Dmitriy Andreevich, Undergraduate Irkutsk State University 1, K. Marx st., Irkutsk, 664003, Russian Federation e-mail: mr.dmitry.yarygin@gmail.com

Mikhailenko Valentina Lvovna, Candidate of Science (Chemistry), Associate Professor Irkutsk State University 1, K. Marx st., Irkutsk, 664003, Russian Federation e-mail: mival63@gmail.com

Pristavka Aleksey Aleksandrovich, Candidate of Sciences (Biology), Associate Professor 

Yurinova Galina Valerievna, Candidate of Sciences (Biology), Associate Professor Irkutsk State University e-mail: yurinova@yandex.ru 1, K. Marx st., Irkutsk, 664003, Russian Federation e-mail: yurinova@yandex.ru 

Salovarova Valentina Petrovna, Doctor of Sciences (Biology), Professor, Head of Department, Irkutsk State University 1, K. Marx st., Irkutsk, 664003, Russian Federation e-mail: vsalovarova@gmail.com

For citation
Novikov A.V., Yarygin D.A., Mikhailenko V.L., Pristavka А.А., Yurinova G.V., Salovarova V.P. Spectral Markers of Hydrothermal Treatment of Coniferous Wood Waste as a Tool for Environmentally Sustainable Technologies. The Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Biology. Ecology, 2025, vol. 54, pp. 3-22. https://doi.org/10.26516/2073-3372.2025.54.3 (in Russian)
Keywords
UV-visible spectroscopy, principal component analysis, wood waste, chemometrics, hydrothermal treatment, biorefining.
UDC
543.422:543.06:66.095.2
DOI
https://doi.org/10.26516/2073-3372.2025.54.3
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