рус eng
«IZVESTIYA IRKUTSKOGO GOSUDARSTVENNOGO UNIVERSITETA». SERIYA «BIOLOGIYA. ECOLOGIYA»
«THE BULLETIN OF IRKUTSK STATE UNIVERSITY». SERIES «BIOLOGY. ECOLOGY»
ISSN 2073-3372 (Print)

List of issues > Series «Biology. Ecology». 2025. Vol 53

Solid-State Fermentation of Wood Waste by the Basidiomycete Fomitopsis officinalis: Change in the Composition and Biological Activity of Extracts

Author(s)

A. V. Novikov, D. A. Yarygin, V. L. Mikhailenko, K. S. Vzdorova, A. S. Kazakova, M. S. Permyakova, G. V. Yurinova, V. P. Salovarova

Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russian Federation

Abstract
This study investigates the composition and properties of extractive substances from Pinus sylvestris sawdust to develop strategies for their biotechnological valorization. We evaluated the efficiency of extracting biologically active compounds using both organic solvents and water under varied conditions. The yield of water-soluble extractives significantly depended on temperature, time, and particle size. Increasing the water temperature from 20°C to 85°C raised the concentration of extractives by 3–4 times, while extraction at 124°C increased it by 7–8 times, with the highest yield obtained from the smallest particle fraction (0.25 mm). Thin-layer chromatography revealed a reduction in the number of extractable components after solid-state fermentation with Fomitopsis officinalis, decreasing to nine after 6 months and to six after 10 months. Analysis of the substrate composition confirmed progressive biodegradation: over 10 months, lignin content decreased by 34%, whereas cellulose decreased by 16%. The enzymatic profile of F. officinalis indicated a sequential degradation strategy: after 6 months, phenoloxidase (3.51 U/mL) and lignin peroxidase (6.50 U/mL) activities were detected in the absence of cellulase activity, suggesting preferential lignin degradation. By the 10th month, only cellulase activity (2.09 IU/mL) was observed, marking a shift toward cellulose utilization after partial delignification. Phytotesting on garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seeds demonstrated that 10-month fermentation completely eliminated the phytotoxicity of aqueous extracts, while extracts from 6-month-fermented sawdust retained toxicity. Moreover, extracts from the 10-month fermentation stimulated seedling development, resulting in a 19.6% increase in stem length compared to the control. In parallel, these extracts acted as inducers of the lignocellulase complex in F. officinalis. Our results highlight the potential of controlled fungal fermentation to specifically modify the properties of wood waste extracts, transforming them into plant growth biostimulants for agriculture and enzymatic activity inducers for biotechnology.
About the Authors

Novikov Artem Vladimirovich Postgraduate Irkutsk State University 1, K. Marx st., Irkutsk, 664003, Russian Federation e-mail: artem.ru88@mail.ru 

Yarygin Dmitriy Andreevich Undergraduate Irkutsk State University 1, K. Marx st., Irkutsk, 664003, Russian Federation e-mail: mr.dmitry.yarygin@gmail.com 

Mikhailenko Valentina Lvovna Candidate of Sciences (Chemistry), Associate Professor Irkutsk State University 1, K. Marx st., Irkutsk, 664003, Russian Federation e-mail: mival63@gmail.com 

Vzdorova Ksenia Sergeevna Student Irkutsk State University 1, K. Marx st., Irkutsk, 664003, Russian Federation e-mail: ksenialala62@gmail.com 

Kazakova Anastasia Sergeevna Student Irkutsk State University 1, K. Marx st., Irkutsk, 664003, Russian Federation e-mail: kazakovaanastasia09373@gmail.com 

Permyakova Maria Sergeevna Student Irkutsk State University 1, K. Marx st., Irkutsk, 664003, Russian Federation e-mail: mari.permyakova.04.05@mail.ru 

Yurinova Galina Valerievna Candidate of Sciences (Biology), Associate Professor Irkutsk State University 1, K. Marx st., Irkutsk, 664003, Russian Federation e-mail: yurinova@yandex.ru 

Salovarova Valentina Petrovna Doctor of Sciences (Biology), Professor, Head of Department Irkutsk State University 1, K. Marx st., Irkutsk, 664003, Russian Federation e-mail: vsalovarova@gmail.com

For citation
Novikov A.V., Yarygin D.A., Mikhailenko V.L., Vzdorova K.S., Kazakova A.S., Permyakova M.S., Yurinova G.V., Salovarova V.P. Solid-State Fermentation of Wood Waste by the Basidiomycete Fomitopsis officinalis: Change in the Composition and Biological Activity of Extracts. The Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Biology. Ecology, 2025, vol. 53, pp. 3-16. https://doi.org/10.26516/2073-3372.2025.53.3 (in Russian)
Keywords
extractive substances, lignocellulosic waste, Fomitopsis officinalis, Laricifomes officinalis, phytotoxicity, lignocellulase activity, biotransformation, principal component analysis (PCA), Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP).
UDC
630.839:54.056
DOI
https://doi.org/10.26516/2073-3372.2025.53.3
References
  1. Ulyanovskii N.V., Onuchina A.A., Faleva A.V., Gorbova N.S., Kosyakov D.S. Comprehensive Characterization of Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Lignan-Rich Coniferous Knotwood Extractives. Antioxidants, 2022, vol. 11, no. 12, 2338. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11122338
  2. Penttilä P.A., Kilpeläinen P., Tolonen L., Suuronen J.P., Sixta H., Willför S., Serimaa R. Effects of pressurized hot water extraction on the nanoscale structure of birch sawdust. Cellulose, 2013, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 2335-2347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0001-9
  3. Komorowicz M., Janiszewska-Latterini D., Przybylska-Balcerek A., Stuper-Szablewska K. Fungal biotransformation of hazardous organic compounds in wood waste. Molecules, 2023, vol. 28, no. 12, 4823. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28124823
  4. Troncozo M.I., Lješević M., Beškoski V.P., Anđelković B., Balatti P.A., M.C.N. Saparrat Fungal transformation and reduction of phytotoxicity of grape pomace waste. Chemosphere, 2019, vol. 237, pp. 124458.
  5. Ghose T.K. Measurement of cellulase activities. Pure Appl. Chem., 1987, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 257-268.
  6. Girometta C. Antimicrobial properties of Fomitopsis officinalis in the light of its bioactive metabolites: a review. Mycology, 2019, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124458
  7. Arevalo-Gallegos A., Ahmad Z., Asgher M., Parra-Saldivar R., Iqbal H.M.N. Lignocellulose: A sustainable material to produce value-added products with a zero waste approach. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2017, vol. 99, pp. 308-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.097
  8. Blasi A., Verardi A., Lopresto C.G., Siciliano S., P. Sangiorgio Lignocellulosic Agricultural Waste Valorization to Obtain Valuable Products: An Overview. Recycling, 2023, vol. 8, no. 4, 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling8040061
  9. Mañas P., De Las Heras J. Phytotoxicity test applied to sewage sludge using Lactuca sativa L. and Lepidium sativum L. seeds. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2018, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 273-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-017-1386-z
  10. McInnes L., Healy J., Melville J. UMAP: Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for Dimension Reduction // arXiv, 2018, arXiv:1802.03426. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1802.03426
  11. Metsämuuronen S., Sirén H. Bioactive phenolic compounds, metabolism and properties: A review on valuable chemical compounds in Scots pine and Norway spruce. Phytochem. Rev., 2019, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 623-664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-019-09630-2
  12. Kilpeläinen P., Kitunen V., Ilvesniemi H., Hemming J., Pranovich A., Willför S. Pressurized hot water flow-through extraction of birch sawdust – Effects on sawdust density and sawdust size. Nordic Pulp & Paper Res. J., 2014, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 547-556. https://doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2014-29-04-p547-556
  13. Glazunova O.A., Moiseenko K.V., Savinova O.S., Fedorova T.V. Purification and Characterization of Two Novel Laccases from Peniophora lycii. Journal of Fungi, 2020, vol. 6, no. 4, art. 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040340
  14. Ravber M., Knez Ž., Škerget M. Isolation of phenolic compounds from larch wood waste using pressurized hot water: extraction, analysis and economic evaluation. Cellulose, 2015, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 3359-3375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0719-7
  15. Reina R., Liers C., Ocampo J.A., García-Romera I., Aranda E. Solid state fermentation of olive mill residues by wood-and dung-dwelling Agaricomycetes: Effects on peroxidase production, biomass development and phenol phytotoxicity. Chemosphere, 2013, vol. 93, no. 7, pp. 1406-1412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.006
  16. Shah F., Mali T., Lundell T.K. Polyporales Brown Rot Species Fomitopsis pinicola: Enzyme Activity Profiles, Oxalic Acid Production, and Fe³⁺-Reducing Metabolite Secretion. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2018, vol. 84, no. 8, e02662-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02662-17
  17. Ling K.H., Yang C.K., Kuo C.A., Kuo M.D. Solvent systems for improved isolation and separation of territrems A and B. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1982, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 860-863. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.44.4.860-863.1982
  18. Tien M., Kirk T.K. Lignin-degrading enzyme from Phanerochaete chrysosporium: Purification, characterization, and catalytic properties of a unique H₂O₂-requiring oxygenase. PNAS, 1984, vol. 81, no. 8, pp. 2280-2284. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.81.8.2280
  19. N’Guessan J.L.L., Niamké F.B., Yao N.J.C., N. Amusant Wood extractives: main families, functional properties, fields of application and interest of wood waste. Forest Products Journal, 2023, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 194–208. https://doi.org/10.13073/FPJ-D-23-00015

Full text (russian)