Omegaelectroencephalography is a method of complex registration and analysis of the classical electroencephalogram (EEG) and the DC potential level (DCPL) of the brain. In contrast to classical electroencephalography, omega-electroencephalography reveals polarization-depolarization phenomena in the wide range of frequencies (0-100Hz) and amplitudes (from units of μV to tens of mV). As a result, it becomes possible to diagnose not only a change in activity of the activation-inactivation type, but also a qualitative change in the functional and metabolic state (FaMS) of neural tissue cells of good-to-poor type. The article analyzes data on the work of the method on different models of cerebral ischemia, motivation of fear, the introduction of neuroprotectors, brain trauma and evaluates its diagnostic capabilities. On the basis of the literature data analysis the substantiation of the nature of the functional and metabolic changes in the nervous tissue standing behind the different reasons of simultaneous changes of DCPL and EEG is carried out. It is shown that the depolarization of membrane during deterioration in vital activity of the nervous cells is manifested in the negative shift of DCPL and in the increase in amplitude of rhythms of an EEG at the beginning of the adverse period and depression at an approaching of cells to death. During period of restitution of the top vital state of a brain cells there will be the opposite changes of DCPL and EEG. At action of the factors increasing viability of nervous tissue and causing a hyperpolarization of cellular membranes, the positive deviation of DCPL will take place which is combined with increase in amplitude of rhythms of an EEG at the beginning of action of the favorable influence and their depression during deepening a hyperpolarization. It is concluded that this new method provides high diagnostic opportunities in assessment of FaMS of nervous tissue of a head and spinal cord which cannot be achieved with any other noninvasive method. 

Murik Sergey Eduardovich, Candidate of Sciences (Biology), Associate Professor, Irkutsk State University, 1, K. Marx st., Irkutsk, 664003, Russian Federation, tel.: (3952) 24–18–70, e-mail: sergey_murik@mail.ru

Murik S.E. Omegaelectroencephalography: Formation History and Diagnostic Capabilities of the New Method in Electrophysiology. The Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Biology. Ecology, 2018, vol. 26, pp. 69-85. https://doi.org/10.26516/2073-3372.2018.26.69 (in Russian)

Aladzhalova N.A. Medlennye elektricheskie protsessy v golovnom mozge [Slow electric processes in a brain]. Moscow, AS USSR Publ., 1962, 240 p. (in Russian)

Rusinov V.S., Grindel' O.M., Boldyreva G.N. Vakar E.M. Biopotensialy mozga cheloveka. Matematicheskii analiz. [Biological potentials of a human brain. Mathematical analysis] Moscow, Medicine Publ., 1987, 254 p. (in Russian)

Vvedenskii N.E. Vozbuzhdenie, tormozhenie i narkoz [Excitation, inhibition and narcosis]. St. Petersburg, 1901, 110 p. (in Russian)

Vitik A.A., Khlestkina M.S., Ishchenko T.V. Izmeneniya bioelektricheskoj aktivnosti golovnogo mozga pri modelirovanii fokalnoj tranzitornoi ishemii golovnogo mozga u krys [Changes in the brain bioelectric activity in the modeling of transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats]. European Research. Sbornik statei IV Mezhdunarodnoij nauchno-prakticheskoij konferencii [European research: IV Int. Sci. Conf.]. Penza, Nauka i Prosveshchenie Publ., 2016, pp. 38-46 (in Russian)

Sufianova G.Z., Shapkin A.G., Sufianov A.A., Vitik A.A., Reunov S.V., Masunov P.V. Vliyanie intraserebroventrikulyarnogo vvedeniya ATF na uroven' postoyannogo potentsiala i medlennuyu elektricheskuyu aktivnost' golovnogo i spinnogo mozga [Influence of intracerebroventricular ATP administration on the DC potential and slow electrical activity of brain and spinal cord]. Medical Science and Education of the Urals. 2015, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 69-73 (in Russian)

Gancgorn E.V., Khloponin D.P., Maklyakov Yu.S. Pokazateli kolichestvennoi farmako-EEG pri ostroj ishemii golovnogo mozga i ikh dinamika v usloviyakh primeneniya nootropov [Indicators quantitative pharmaco-EEG in acute cerebral ischemia and their dynamics in conditions of use nootropics]. Bulletin of southern Russia, 2014, no. 1, pp. 14-23 (in Russian)

Gusel'nikov V.I. Elektrofiziologiya golovnogo mozga [Brain electrophysiology]. Moscow, Vyssh. shkola Publ., 1976, 422 p. (in Russian)

Eliseev V.V., Poltavchenko G.M. Rol' adenozina v regulyatsii fiziologicheskikh funkcii organizma [Adenosine role in a regulation of physiological functions of an organism]. SPb., Nauka Publ., 1991, 120 p. (in Russian) 

Sufianova G.Z., Murik S.E., Usov L.A., Sufianov A.A., Shapkin A.G., Taborov M.V. Izmeneniya urovnya postoyannogo potetsiala pri fokal'noi cerebral'noi ishemii i na fone vvedeniya tsiklopentiladenozina u krys [Changes of DC-potential level at a focal cerebral ischemia and against the background of a cyclopentyladenosine introduction in rats]. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med., 2003, vol. 136, no. 12, pp. 653-656 (in Russian) 

Ilyuhina V.A. Nerofiziologiya funktsional'nykh sostoyanii cheloveka [Neurophysiology of person functional states]. St.-Petersburg, Nauka Publ., 1986, 171 p. (in Russian) 

Kondrashоva M.N. K biokhimicheskoj kharakteristike parabioticheskogo protsessa [To the biochemical characteristic of parabiotic process]. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med., 1954, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 1-40. (in Russian)

Koroleva V.I., Vinogradova L.V. Ishemicheskaya i gipoksicheskaya depolyarizatsiya v neokortekse krys [Ischemic and hypoxic depolarization in the rat neocortex]. I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity, 2000, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 612-623 (in Russian) 

Latynina M.V. Znachenie giperventilyatsionnoi proby pri elektroentsefalograficheskom obsledovanii : Fiziologicheskii aspekt [Role of the hyperventilation test in electroencephalographic examination: physiological aspect: Candidate in Biology dissertation abstract]. Vladivostok, 2005, 144 p. (in Russian)

Movchan N.P. Issledovaniya L.L. Vasil'eva – novyi etap v razvitii ucheniya N.E.Vvedenskogo o parabioze [Researches by L.L. Vasilev as a new stage in the development of the N.E. Vvedensky parabiosis teaching]. Fisiologicheskie mehanismy osnovnyh nervnyh processov / Trudy Leningradskogo obschestva estestvoispytateley [Physiological mechanisms of basic neural processes. Proc. Leningrad Natur. Soc.]. St.-Petersburg, 1985, vol. 75, no. 5, pp. 5-15. (in Russian)

Monakhov K.K., Bochkarev V.K., Nikiforov A.I. Prikladnye aspekty nejrofiziologii v psikhiatrii [Applied aspects of neurophysiology in psychiatry]. Moscow, Medicine Publ., 1983, 192 p. (in Russian)

Murik S.E. Obshchaya shema adaptatsii nervnykh kletok: novyi vzglyad [A general scheme of the nervous cells adaptation: a new sight]. Adaptatsionnye strategii zhivykh system. Mezhdistsiplinarnaya nauchnaya konferentsiya. Novij Svet, Krym, Ukraina, 11-16 Iyunya, 2012 [Adaptive Strategies of Living Systems: Interdiscipl. Conf. Novy Svet, Crimea, Ukraine]. Kiev, Mavis Publ., 2012, 82 p. (in Russian)

Murik S.E. Obshchie neironal’nye mekhanizmy motivatsii i emotsii [The general neural mechanisms of motivations and emotions]. Irkutsk: Irkutsk St. Univ. Publ., 2006, 358 p. (in Russian) 

Murik S.E. Omegoelektroentsefalografiya – novyi metod otsenki funktional’nogo i metabolicheskogo sostoyaniya nervnoi tkani [Omegaelectroencephalography as a new way of estimation the functional and metabolic state of neural tissue]. Bull. East Siberian SB RAMS, 2004, vol. 3, no. 1, pp.189-154. (in Russian)

Murik S.E. O funktsional’nom sostoyanii neironov golovnogo mozga [On the functional state of brain neurons]. Bull. East Siberian SB RAMS, 2003, no. 7, pp. 51-53. (in Russian)

Murik S.E. Polyarizatsionnaya teoriya motivatsii, ehmotsii, vnimaniya [Polarization theory of motivations, emotions, attention.]. Bull. East Siberian SB RAMS, 2005, no. 7, pp. 167-174. (in Russian)

Murik S.E. Psikhologiya i psikhofiziologiya funktsional'nykh sostoyanii cheloveka [Psychology and psychophysiology of human functional states]. Saarbrȕcken, Lap Lambert Publ., 2013, 310 p. (in Russian)

Sorokhtin G.N. Reaktsii vozbudimykh sistem na defitsit vozbuzhdeniya [Reactions of excitable systems to excitation deficit]. Moscow, Medicine Publ., 1968, 352 p. (in Russian)

Sufianova G.Z., Shapkin A.G. Povrezhdenie nervnoi tkani: mekhanizmy, modeli, metody otsenki [Damage of nervous tissue: mechanisms, models, assessment methods]. Moscow, RAMS Publ., 2014, 288 p. (in Russian)

Sufianova G.Z., Murik S.E., Usov L.A., Sufianov A.A., Shapkin A.G., Taborov M.V. Funktsional'naya otsenka neiroprotektornogo deistviya tsiklopentiladenozina po dannym EEG pri fokal'noj tserebral'noj ishemii u krys [Functional assessing of neuroprotective action of a cyclopentyladenosine according to an EEG at a focal cerebral ischemia in rats]. Bull. East Siberian SB RAMS, 2002, vol.1, no. 6, pp. 179-184. (in Russian) 

Shapkin Yu.G. Issledovanie mekhanizmov ishemicheskoi depolyarizatsii pri lokal'nom kompressionnom povrezhdenii kory golovnogo mozga na fone dijstviya niirotropnykh preparatov [Research of ischemic depolarization mechanisms at local compression injury of a cerebral cortex against background the effect of neurotropic drugs: Candidate of Biology Dissertation]. Novosibirsk, 2007, 140 p. (in Russian)

Shchekut'ev G.A. Neiromonitoring: sovremennoe sostoyanie i perspektivy razvitiya [Neuromonitoring: current state and prospects of development]. I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity, 1998, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 747-756. (in Russian)

Murik S.E., Sufianov A.A., Sufianova G.Z., Shapkin A.G. Eksperimental’nye dannye ob elektrofiziologicheskikh korrelyatakh ischemii mozga raznoi tyazhesti [Experimental data on electrophysiological indicators of different severity brain ischemia]. Bull. East Siberian SB RAMS, 2003, no. 1, pp. 148-154. (in Russian)

Shapkin A.G., Sufianova G.Z., Sufianov A.A., Shapkin Yu.G., Taborov M.V., Shevchenko V.P. Elektrofiziologicheskie narusheniya pri lokal'nom kompressionnom povrezhdenii spinnogo mozga [Electrophysiological disturbances at local compression injury of a spinal cord]. Backbone surgery, 2009, no. 1, pp. 76-80. (in Russian)

Yanvareva I.N., Kuz’mina T.R. O mekhanizmah narusheniya funktsional'nogo sostoyaniya tsentralnoi nervnoi sistemy pri kislorodnoi nedostatochnosti mozga [On mechanisms for violations of the functional condition of the central nervous system in the brain oxygen deficiency]. Fiziologicheskie mekhanizmy osnovnykh nervnykh protsessov. Trudy Leningradskogo obschestva estestvoispytatelei [Physiological mechanisms of basic neural processes. Proc. Leningrad Natur. Soc.]. St.-Petersburg, 1985, vol. 75, no. 5, pp. 71-77. (in Russian)

Mendelowitsch A., Sekhar L.N., Wright D.C., Nadel A., Miyashita H., Richardson R., Kent M., Shuaib A. An increase in extracellular glutamate is a sensitive method of detecting ischaemic neuronal damage during cranial base and cerebrovascular surgery. An in vivo microdialysis study. Acta Neurochir., 1998, vol.140, no. 4, pp. 349-355.

Caspers H., Speckmann E.-J. Cortical DC potential shifts associated with changes of gas tensions in blood and tissue. Handbook of electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology. Amsterdam, Elsevier Publ., 1974, pp. 41-65. 

Goldring S., O’Leary J.-L. Summation of certain enduring sequelae of cortical activation in the rabbit. Electroencephal. & Clin. Neurophysiol., 1951, vol. 3, no. 3. pp. 329-340. 

Kraaier V., van Huffelen A.C., Wieneke G.H. The hyperventilation-induced ischaemia model in human neuropharmacology: neurophysiological and psychometric studies of aniracetam and 3-OH aniracetam. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1989, vol. 36, no. 6. pp. 605-611. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00637744 

Leblond J., Krnjevic K. Hypoxic changes in hippocampal neurons. J. Neurophysiol., 1989, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1989.62.1.1

Markus H.S., Harrison M.J. Estimation of cerebrovascular reactivity using transcranial Doppler, including the use of breathholding as the vasodilatory stimulus. Stroke, 1992, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 668-673.

Murik S.E. The use of DCEEG to estimate functional and metabolic state of nervous tissue of the brain at hyper- and hypoventilation. World J. Neurosci., 2012, no. 2, pp. 172-182. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjns.2012.23027 

Murik S.E., Shapkin A.G. Simultaneous recording of the EEG and direct current (DC) potential makes it possible to assess the functional and metabolic state of the nervous tissue. Int. J. Neurosci., 2004, no.114, pp. 921-934. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207450490450154 

Rockstroh B. Hyperventilation-induced EEG changes in humans and their modulation by an anticonvulsant drug. Epilepsy Res., 1990, vol. 7, no. 2, pp.146-154.

Rogers H., Birch P.J., Hayes A.G. Effects of hypoxia and hypoglycaemia on DC potentials recorded from the gerbil hippocampus in vitro. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol., 1990, vol. 342, no. 5, pp. 547-553.

Sato H., Austin G., Yai H. Increase in permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to potassium produced by “nembutal”. Nature, 1967, vol. 215, no. 5109, pp. 1506-1508.

Hartings J.A., Watanabe T., Bullock M.R., Okonkwo D.O., Fabricius M., Woitzik J., Dreier J.P., Puccio A., Shutter L.A., Pahl C., Strong A.J. Spreading depolarizations have prolonged direct current shifts and are associated with poor outcome in brain trauma. Brain, 2011, vol. 134 (pt. 5), pp. 1529-1540. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awr048

Wartenberg K.E., Patsalides A., Yepes M.S. Is magnetic resonance spectroscopy superior to conventional diagnostic tools in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy? J. Neuroimaging, 2004, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 180-186.