In the present article scientific bases of an estimation of influence of aerotechnogenic emissions of the metallurgical enterprises on soil microbiocenoses are considered. The analysis of data of russian and foreign researchers on the study of microbial communities living in the conditions of technogenic contamination of the soil pollutants is resulted. Modern representations about mechanisms of toxic action of fluorides and heavy metals, as basic components of emissions of metallurgical plants on soil microorganisms are given. The possibility and necessity of use of sinecological characteristics of microcommunities with a view of indication and diagnostics of soil pollution by emissions of metallurgical production are shown.